Master the German Language Exam Level B1 CEFR

The third level in the  Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for Languages is level B1. It is definitely a step beyond the A1 and A2 exams. Passing a level  B1 exam means that you are entering the intermediate level of your journey through the German language. B1 Certifies Intermediate  Level Language Skills According to the CEFR, B1 levels means that you: Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc.Can deal with most situations likely to arise while travelling in an area where the language is spoken.Can produce simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest.Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes, and ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans. To prepare, you may want to review videos of a B1 exam in progress. What Use Is a B1 Certificate? Unlike the A1 and the A2 exam, the level B1 exam marks a significant milestone in your German learning process. By proving that you have language skills on this level, the German government may grant you the German citizenship one year earlier, which is 6 instead of 7 years. Its the final stage of any so-called integration course because reaching B1 shows you can handle most daily situations like going to the doctors or ordering a taxi, booking a hotel room, or asking for advice or directions, etc. Attaining B1 level in German is something to be proud of. How Long Does It Take to Reach the B1 Level? It is difficult to come up with reliable numbers. Many intensive German classes claim to help you reach B1 in six months, at five days a week with 3 hours of daily instruction plus 1.5 hours of homework. That sums up to 540 hours of learning to finish B1 (4.5 hours x 5 days x 4 weeks x 6 months). This assumes you are taking group classes in most German language schools in Berlin or other German cities. You could possibly achieve B1 in half the time or less with the help of a private tutor. Why Are There Different B1 Exams? There are two different kinds of B1 exams:the Zertifikat Deutsch (ZD) and the Deutschtest fà ¼r Zuwanderer (German exam for migrants or short DTZ). The ZD is the standard exam created by the Goethe-Institut in cooperation with the Ãâ€"sterreich Institut and only tests you for level B1. If you dont reach that level, you fail. The DTZ exam is a scaled exam meaning that tests for two levels: A2 and B1. So if you are unable to reach B1 yet, you wont fail this exam. You would just pass it on the lower A2 level. This is a far more motivating approach for test takers and is used often with BULATS. Unfortunately, it isnt that widespread in Germany yet. The DTZ is the final exam of an Integrationskurs. Is Language School Necessary to Reach B1 Level? Although we usually advise learners to seek at least a bit of guidance from a professional German tutor, B1 (like most other levels) can be reached on one’s own. However, working on your own will require a lot more self-discipline and organizational skills. Having a reliable and consistent timetable will help you with learning autonomously. The most critical part is to keep up with your speaking practice and make sure you get corrected by a qualified party. That way, you won’t risk acquiring bad pronunciation or grammatical structure. How Much Does It Cost to Reach B1 Level? The cost of instruction from select language schools is subject to change. Here is a basic idea of what it costs to reach B1 level proffiency: Volkshochschule (VHS): 80â‚ ¬ /month totalling 480â‚ ¬ for A2Goethe Institut (during summer in Berlin, varying prices worldwide): up to 1,200â‚ ¬ /month totalling up to 7,200â‚ ¬ for B1  German integration courses (Integrationskurse) as little as 0â‚ ¬/month at times, or they ask you to pay 1â‚ ¬ per lesson received resulting in 80â‚ ¬ per month or 560â‚ ¬ total (those courses last approx. 7 months).Course within an ESF program: 0â‚ ¬Bildungsgutschein (education voucher) issued from the Agentur fà ¼r Arbeit: 0â‚ ¬ How Can I Prepare Efficiently for the B1 Exam? Begin preparation by looking for any available sample exams you can find. They will show you the kinds of questions asked or tasks required and will familiarize you with the material. You can find those on TELC or Ãâ€"SD (check the right sidebar for the model exam) or conduct an online search for modellprà ¼fung deutsch b1. There may be additional material for purchase in case you feel the need to prepare more. Practice Writing You can find the answers to most exam questions in the back of the sample sets. However, you will need a native speaker or advanced learner to check your written work called „Schriftlicher Ausdruck,â€Å" which consists mainly of three short letters.  A good place to find help for this problem is the lang-8 community. It is free,  yet, if you get their premium subscription, your texts will get corrected faster. You will also need to correct other learners’ written work to gain credits that you then can use to get your work corrected. Practice for the Oral Exam Heres a tricky part. You will eventually need a conversation trainer. We did not say a conversation partner because a trainer specifically prepares you for an oral exam, while a partner simply converses with you. Those are zwei paar schuhe (two different things). You will find trainers on Verbling or Italki or Livemoccha. Until B1, it is totally sufficient to hire them for just 30 mins per day or if your budget is very limited, 3 x 30 mins per week. Use them only to prepare you for the exam. Dont ask them grammatical questions or let them teach you grammar. That should be done by a teacher, not a conversation trainer. Teachers want to teach, so make sure the person you hire emphasizes that they are not too much of a teacher. They dont have to be a native speaker, but their German should be at C1 level. Anything below that level and the risk of learning wrong German is too high.   Mental Preparation Taking any exam can be an emotional stressor. Due to the importance of this B1 level, it might make you more nervous than the earlier levels. To prepare mentally, simply imagine yourself in the exam situation and imagine that calm is flowing through your body and mind at that time. Imagine that you know what to do and that you can answer any question given. Also, imagine that the examiners are sitting in front of you and are smiling. Imagine the feeling that you like them and that they like you. It might sound silly, but these simple imaginative exercises can do wonders for your nerves. We wish you the best of luck with the B1 exam!

The Outcast - 1094 Words

The Outcast The character archetype of the outcast is described as a figure that is banished from a community for some crime (real or imagined). â€Å"The outcast is usually destined to become a wanderer† . Society often times shuns people deemed different, making them feel like an outcast. This can be positive or negative, depending how the individual reacts to it. Being viewed as an outcast could inspire a person to resist popular opinion and encourage them to do great things in their life. While for others, it could cause them to retreat within themselves, preventing them from living a happy life or even causing their death. The archetype of the outcast in represented in the story â€Å"The Red Convertible†, by Louise Eldrich, through the†¦show more content†¦He is an outcast. â€Å"All around me are familiar faces, worn out places, worn out faces† shows that he views everyone else as the same but himself as different. Everyone is going about their everyday busi ness and the narrator doesn’t fit in. He is an outsider looking in on life. Not allowed to participate because of some perceived crime on society. We can only guess what the crime might be, but this song tells us the impact it has had on this man’s life. It makes him sad and the lyric â€Å"hide my head I want to drown my sorrow, no tomorrow, no tomorrow† shows how desperate the narrator feels. He sees life as not worth living anymore and is looking for an escape. â€Å"The dreams in which I’m dying are the best I’ve ever had† confirms that he is suicidal. He wants to end the pain. He further suggests that he has felt like this since he was a child. â€Å"No one knew me, no one knew me, Hello teacher tell me what’s my lesson, look right through me, look right through me† . As a child he was different, perhaps from a poor family. Even adults viewed him as an outcast, looking right through him as if he wasn’t even there. B eing seen as an outcast has encouraged the narrator to write this song, to share his experience with everyone maybe even helping some. In conclusion, each of the characters described earlier were outcasts, even though their personal outcomes are different. In the story â€Å"A Red Convertible† the character Henry is outcast from society when heShow MoreRelatedOutcasts Essay716 Words   |  3 PagesOutcasts are universal No one wants to be an outcast. It is a terrible feeling to experience, yet almost every person has experienced this feeling at one time or another. Being an outcast does not have to be a single person that has been shut out, it can be a race, sex, or a culture too. Across the globe, people of all races and backgrounds have experienced what it’s like to be an outcast. Differences are what make people unique, but they are also the reasons that people are excluded. People doRead MoreBernard Is An Outcast? Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesBernard was an outcast in the beginning of the book. He is flawed in a â€Å"flawless† world. â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ said Bernard, and hesitated. No, he really couldn’t deny it. ‘Why shouldn’t I be†, this quote proves that Bernard is an outcast because he hesitated. (Huxley, 184) Living in the World State it is uncommon to hesitate. Bernard did not fit into the standards of the World State and everyone knew it. Bernard did not like to participate in orgies, group activities, and he looked different from the other citizensRead MoreThe Girls Are Considered Outcasts887 Words   |  4 Pages Three hundred girls are considered outcasts every year. They’re shipped off into an unknown area to most people. The girls are only eleven and they’re taken away from their famili es. Their families are the ones that want them gone. I boarded the cruise ship and I walked in the suite. There were a huge group of boys walking around. The cruise ship is very warm and it’s very cozy. The boarding event takes about three hours. The girls have to line up and they have to get a baggage check. I can’t waitRead MoreUntouchables : The Outcasts Of India1528 Words   |  7 PagesAmanda Howery Mrs. Newell Eastern Civilizations/Geography 4 14 March 2016 Untouchables: The Outcasts of India Ever since the religion of Hinduism was founded in 2800 B.C., India has upheld a social caste system that later evolved in its order and strictness. The caste system began when Aryan newcomers arrived in India, bringing with them a discriminatory mindset of racial separation. From this, varna, the Sanskrit word for caste, was born. Varna, also meaning color, placed the lighter-skinnedRead MoreMovies and the Outcast Archetype1246 Words   |  5 PagesThe Outcast Archetype Movies and films are important parts of not only our education, but also our life. Some teach us historical information or life lessons, and some just make us laugh. When we watch movies, we realize that many characters are just like us. As Linda Seger says, â€Å"Whatever our culture, there are universal stories that form the basis fall all our particular stories.† (Seger 386-387). One character that always seems to steal the audience’s heart is the one that doesn’t always fitRead MoreOutcasts Of Poker Flat1515 Words   |  7 PagesTotal Opposites In the short story The Outcasts of Poker Flat by Bret Harte, the author uses characters in the story that have very similar characteristics, except for one, Uncle Billy. John Oakhurst is a big time gambler in Poker Flat. He took large sums of money from many people in town. The residents of Poker Flat were very upset with him always winning bets and all of their money. Out of all the people that are banned from Poker Flat, Oakhurst possesses the best qualities out of the groupRead MoreThe, The Inner World Of The Outcast1707 Words   |  7 Pagesdirector Tim Burton in regards to the themes of depression, isolation, and fear within his collection of work. Influenced by Gothic fiction and the art and film movements of Expressionism, Surrealism, and Noir, Burton crafts the inner world of the outcast and explores the ideas of Jungian and Freudian psychoanalysis in his films, particularly in Vincent (1982), Beetlejuice (1988), and Edward Scissorhands (1990). This paper will explore Burton’s aesthetics of chiaroscuro lighting, color symbolism, andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Angles And Outcasts 1445 Words   |  6 Pages The book, Angles and Outcasts, is compiled of works by hearing authors from the nineteenth-century and the twentieth-century, as well as a chapter of works by authors who themselves are Deaf. Each of these stories provides a unique perspective on deafness and how the Deaf pe ople are seen by the rest of the world. There is a common theme present through the nineteenth and twentieth-century works; exaggerated qualities of the Deaf person and a misfortune so great, that it overshadows anything goodRead More The Outcast Weaver Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pages The story of Silas Marner is a beautiful, eloquently told story which gives the reader a vived depiction of the period in which it takes place in a rustic village in England in the 1800s. The story evokes many emotions from the reader as well as teaches some moral lessons about life which are timeless. The authors overall theme is a powerful demonstration of the importance of friendship and love to ones life and the devatating, dehumanizing effect the lack of friendship and love causes. SilasRead MoreOutcasts United And The United States1162 Words   |  5 Pageslive in destruction. Where there is war families are being torn apart. Children watch family members be killed in front of them and many homes are destroyed. They are forced to leave their country and seek refuge in a neighboring one. In the book Outcasts United, the main conflict is how refugees are readjusting to life and how they are treated. Many characters have waited years to get into the u.s.This has made me realize that the way we deal with refugees is a big problem today. The camps they are

Part Six Chapter II Free Essays

II The policewoman had been gentle and kind, in the cluttered cottage by the river, where dank water now covered blankets, chintzy chairs and worn rugs. The old lady who owned the place had brought a hot-water bottle and a cup of boiling tea, which Sukhvinder could not lift because she was shaking like a drill. She had disgorged chunks of information: her own name, and Krystal’s name, and the name of the dead little boy that they were loading onto an ambulance. We will write a custom essay sample on Part Six Chapter II or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dog-walker who had pulled her from the river was rather deaf; he gave a statement to the police in the next room, and Sukhvinder hated the sound of his bellowed account. He had tethered his dog to a tree outside the window, and it whined persistently. Then the police had called her parents and they had come, Parminder knocking over a table and smashing one of the old lady’s ornaments as she crossed the room with clean clothes in her arms. In the tiny bathroom, the deep dirty gash on Sukhvinder’s leg was revealed, peppering the fluffy bath mat with black spots, and when Parminder saw the wound she shrieked at Vikram, who was thanking everyone loudly in the hall, that they must take Sukhvinder to the hospital. She had vomited again in the car, and her mother, who was beside her in the back seat, had mopped her up, and all the way there Parminder and Vikram had kept up a flow of loud talk; her father kept repeating himself, saying things like ‘she’ll need a sedative’ and ‘that cut will definitely need stitches’; and Parminder, who was in the back seat with the shaking and retching Sukhvinder, kept saying, ‘You might have died. You might have died.’ It was as if she was still underwater. Sukhvinder was somewhere she could not breathe. She tried to cut through it all, to be heard. ‘Does Krystal know he’s dead?’ she asked through chattering teeth, and Parminder had to ask her to repeat the question several times. ‘I don’t know,’ she answered at last. ‘You might have died, Jolly.’ At the hospital, they made her undress again, but this time her mother was with her in the curtained cubicle, and she realized her mistake too late when she saw the expression of horror on Parminder’s face. ‘My God,’ she said, grabbing Sukhvinder’s forearm. ‘My God. What have you done to yourself?’ Sukhvinder had no words, so she allowed herself to subside into tears and uncontrollable shaking, and Vikram shouted at everyone, including Parminder, to leave her alone, but also to damn well hurry up, and that her cut needed cleaning and she needed stitches and sedatives and X-rays †¦ Later, they put her in a bed with a parent on each side of her, and both of them stroked her hands. She was warm and numb, and there was no pain in her leg any more. The sky beyond the windows was dark. ‘Howard Mollison’s had another heart attack,’ she heard her mother tell her father. ‘Miles wanted me to go to him.’ ‘Bloody nerve,’ said Vikram. To Sukhvinder’s drowsy surprise, they talked no more about Howard Mollison. They merely continued to stroke her hands until, shortly afterwards, she fell asleep. On the far side of the building, in a shabby blue room with plastic chairs and a fish tank in the corner, Miles and Samantha were sitting on either side of Shirley, waiting for news from theatre. Miles was still wearing his slippers. ‘I can’t believe Parminder Jawanda wouldn’t come,’ he said for the umpteenth time, his voice cracking. Samantha got up, moved past Shirley, and put her arms around Miles, kissing his thick hair, speckled with grey, breathing in his familiar smell. Shirley said, in a high, strangled voice, ‘I’m not surprised she wouldn’t come. I’m not surprised. Absolutely appalling.’ All she had left of her old life and her old certainties was attacking familiar targets. Shock had taken almost everything from her: she no longer knew what to believe, or even what to hope. The man in theatre was not the man she had thought she had married. If she could have returned to that happy place of certainty, before she had read that awful post †¦ Perhaps she ought to shut down the whole website. Take away the message boards in their entirety. She was afraid that the Ghost might come back, that he might say the awful thing again †¦ She wanted to go home, right now and disable the website; and while there, she could destroy the EpiPen once and for all †¦ He saw it †¦ I know he saw it †¦ But I’d never have done it, really. I wouldn’t have done it. I was upset. I’d never have done it †¦ What if Howard survived, and his first words were: ‘She ran out of the room when she saw me. She didn’t call an ambulance straight away. She was holding a big needle †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Then I’ll say his brain’s been affected, Shirley thought defiantly. And if he died †¦ Beside her, Samantha was hugging Miles. Shirley did not like it; she ought to be the centre of attention; it was her husband who was lying upstairs, fighting for his life. She had wanted to be like Mary Fairbrother, cosseted and admired, a tragic heroine. This was not how she had imagined it – ‘Shirley?’ Ruth Price, in her nurse’s uniform, had come hurrying into the room, her thin face forlorn with sympathy. ‘I just heard – I had to come – Shirley, how awful, I’m so sorry.’ ‘Ruth, dear,’ said Shirley, getting up, and allowing herself to be embraced. ‘That’s so kind. So kind.’ Shirley liked introducing her medical friend to Miles and Samantha, and receiving her pity and her kindness in front of them. It was a tiny taste of how she had imagined widowhood †¦ But then Ruth had to go back to work, and Shirley returned to her plastic chair and her uncomfortable thoughts. ‘He’ll be OK,’ Samantha was murmuring to Miles, as he rested his head on her shoulder. ‘I know he’ll pull through. He did last time.’ Shirley watched little neon-bright fish darting hither and thither in their tank. It was the past that she wished she could change; the future was a blank. ‘Has anyone phoned Mo?’ Miles asked after a while, wiping his eyes on the back of one hand, while the other gripped Samantha’s leg. ‘Mum, d’you want me to – ?’ ‘No,’ said Shirley sharply. ‘We’ll wait †¦ until we know.’ In the theatre upstairs, Howard Mollison’s body overflowed the edges of the operating table. His chest was wide open, revealing the ruins of Vikram Jawanda’s handiwork. Nineteen people laboured to repair the damage, while the machines to which Howard was connected made soft implacable noises, confirming that he continued to live. And far below, in the bowels of the hospital, Robbie Weedon’s body lay frozen and white in the morgue. Nobody had accompanied him to the hospital, and nobody had visited him in his metal drawer. How to cite Part Six Chapter II, Essay examples

FOREIGN TRADE POLICY AND THE IMPACT ON AGGREGATE E Essay Example For Students

FOREIGN TRADE POLICY AND THE IMPACT ON AGGREGATE E Essay XPENDITURES AND EQUILIBRIUMFOREIGN TRADE POLICY AND THE IMPACT ON AGGREGATE EXPENDITURES AND EQUILIBRIUMThere are two types of aggregate expenditures: Autonomous and InducedAutonomous expenditures are not influenced by real GDP. Induced expenditures are influenced by real GDP. Actual aggregate expenditure is always equal to real GDP. Equilibrium expenditure is the level of planned aggregate expenditure that equals real GDP. We will write a custom essay on FOREIGN TRADE POLICY AND THE IMPACT ON AGGREGATE E specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Net export expenditure reflects the international linkages based directly on service and merchandise flows across borders, and indirectly reflects capital flows into and out of a particular country. U.S. foreign trade and global economic policies have changed dramatically during the past two centuries. Since the Great Depression and World War II, the country has sought to reduce trade barriers. U.S. trade deficits have grown larger since the 1980s and 1990s as the American appetite for foreign goods has outstripped demand for American goods in other countries. The United States has not always been an advocate of free trade. At times throughout history, the country has had a strong impulse toward economic protectionism by using tariffs to limit imports of foreign goods in order to protect American industry. A big factor leading to the U.S. trade deficit was a sharp rise in the value of the dollar in the early to mid 1980s. This made U.S. exports more expensive and foreign imports into the United States cheaper. The dollar appreciated because of the recovery from the global recession of 1981-82, and in huge U.S. federal budget deficits which created a significant demand in the United States for foreign capital. That, in turn, drove up interest rates, and led to the rise of the dollar. Exports are determined by international prices, trade agreements, and the real GDP of foreign countries. All things being equal: the higher foreign prices, the more liberal trade agreements and the higher the real GDP of foreign countries, the higher the exports become. Exports are autonomous of real GDP. Imports are determined by international prices, trade agreements, and the real domestic GDP. All things being equal: the lower foreign prices, the more liberal trade agreements and the higher domestic real GDP, the higher the imports become. According to a recent article in Washington (Reuters), dated November 13, 2004, written by Jonathan Nicholson, a tax aimed at boosting savings, holds promise. This is in response to President Bush and one of his ideas to get the economy moving again. Bush is currently proposing to reform the tax code. One idea is The Unlimited Savings Allowance Tax (USA), which is a form of consumption tax. This tax reform would be to encourage people to save or invest money and in return, they will not have to pay taxes on this income until they decide to spend the money. When people save or invest their income, revenue raises. When you save and invest, you are using aggregate expenditures. Aggregate expenditures are planned expenditures. They equal consumption plus investment plus government spending plus net exports, the same as GDP except that they are planned. When the government makes changes in taxes, such as the USA tax, it is planned in an effort to boost the economy or slow it down. Since t he United States is currently is in a deficit, the economy is not at equilibrium and it needs a boost. If the USA tax did become in to effect, the purpose would be to encourage saving and investing, which would be considered an injection that would increase autonomous aggregate expenditure. The money saved would generate funds that businesses could borrow and use for investment purposes. The USA tax is only one of the ideas currently under discussion in President Bushs reform of the tax code. If it works out, it could be helpful in raising the equilibrium level of real GDP.

Extreme Criminal Behaviors-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss and compare the explanations provided by different researchers and theorists, while critically evaluating the evidence provided by these researchers and theorist to support their explanations on Sadistic Rapists. Answer: Introduction From the very beginning of human civilization man has been constantly endeavoring to understand his own mind, which is probably the most complex part of the entire human body. Human beings use only less than 10 percent of the brains ability and understands even lesser about the functioning of the brain in spite of detailed and dedicated researches. Why some people show the tendency to engage in criminal behavior is one of the questions to which researchers have been trying to find answers. Reiman and Leighton has pointed out various causes that may lead to the making of a criminal including poverty, social injustice and discrimination (Reiman and Leighton 2015). However, this cannot be taken as entirely true because other people in the same set up may not exhibit criminal activities. Therefore, the question lies whether some genetic factors determine criminal behaviors in a person as pointed by Tiihonen et al. in 2015, or it is caused by the external factors which induce the criminal behavior in innocent people (Clinard, Quinney and Wildeman 2014). This paper will analyze various theories formulated or discussed by experts and researchers which endeavor in explaining the causative factors behind the criminal behavior in people, and the theories will be critically analyzed and compared with examples. Special emphasis will be given on the behavior of the sadistic rapists and how the theories prove to be helpful in explaining such trait. Discussion Criminal behavior is displayed when one individual performs some activity which is considered to be unlawful, unethical and immoral by the larger section of the society and is punishable by the justice system of a particular place. Criminology deals with the study and analysis of such criminal behaviors and reasons behind them (Presser and Sandberg 2015). There are various theories that aims to explain criminal behaviors and their causes. The history of criminology and the study of criminal behaviors can be dated back to the mid-18th Century. Cesare Beccaria who was a famous jurist, politician and philosopher in Italy started his experimentations on the subject and authored On Crimes and Punishments. This is the founding base of Classical Criminology and the author argues that the punishment should quickly follow the crime in order to keep both of these psychologically associated (Porta and Bruni 2014). Cesare Lombroso who was Italian physician is widely regarded as the father of cri minology for his contributions in the study (Ystehede 2017). What Lombroso did was establishing a new theory of criminology discarding the classical criminology. His theory of criminology included degeneration theory, psychology and psychiatry. All the theories of criminal behaviors can be broadly categorized into mainly three categories- Psychological, sociological and biological. Though they have different approaches towards crime they cannot be separated as altogether new theories because all of these have effects on human criminal behavior. The psychological approach to criminal behavior states that mainly personality is the reason behind human behavior and when there is imbalance in human psychology. Mental process if works in dysfunctional inappropriate way gives rise to adoption of criminal behavior in human beings. There is a category of mindset that can be termed as antisocial personality disorder. These people are rebellious about social norms and shows little empathy towards other lives. They do not care about ethics or morals. This slowly leads to up taking of criminal activities in later life. Hollin in his Psychology and crime: An introduction to criminological psychology has stated that social cognition that shapes the way we think and perceive people also determines our behavior towards them (Hollin 2013). An imbalance in this process can lead to the situation where a person may start having instincts to inflict harm on others out of hatred. So it is a reductionist view of criminology in which only the psych ological factor is seen to be responsible for a person to commit criminal offences. Sadistic rape is when the aggressor inflicts pain upon the victim to derive sexual pleasure. It is a strange psychological desire where the suffering of the victim is perceived erotic by the criminal. In the article The sexual responses of sexual sadists the authors have pointed out that the sadists show sexual stimulation just by the idea of violence and injury on a victim during rape (Seto et al. 2012). The psychological theory of criminology explains these sadistic rapists as having psychologically imbalanced, and a disturbed brain and psychological process is what leads them to perform such behavior. However, it can be said after comprehending on such incidents that there must be other factors including external factors that may have shaped the criminals thought process in a way that the person perceives torture as erotic. This critical analysis can be further contemplated when other theories of criminology are discussed. The sociological approach to criminal behavior mainly states that the factors which induce criminality in an individual are external and environmental factors. There are many theories which have been proposed by various researchers in this regards, the social disorganization theory is one such. The theory was mainly formulated by Clifford and Henry in 1942 in a research on residences of juvenile criminals. The authors found that the crime rates are more in areas where there is poverty and social and economic disadvantages (Shaw and McKay 1942). Hence the conclusion was that the neighborhood and living environment exerts influence on the criminal behavior of a person. To critically contest this theory, it can be said that there are examples of criminals from very rich background, H.H Holmes who had his house designed with tunnels and chambers to murder people was a super-rich person. There are many similar examples. This theory also does not fit in with the sadistic rapist criminals, there can be no relationship between a persons poverty and his or her erotic feelings to see the victim suffering from pain. The social disorganization theory may be true in the cases where people out of poverty is forced to steal or show some similar criminal activity in order to make the ends meet. Another theory in sociological approach to criminal behavior is the Anomie or Strain Theory. Robert Merton drawing on the ideas of Emile Durkheim who is often regarded as the father of sociology stated that deviance or crime is committed when goals of a society like wealth and status has a huge gap with the means to achieve them then criminal activities are committed. Means to attain the cultural goals of wealth and status include education and employment opportunities (Sealock 2017). When a person is fed with the desire of attaining the cultural goals but is not provided with the means in reaching the goals, out of unfulfilled desires crime is committed. This theory can successfully explain some of the crimes which are mainly related to deprivation and disadvantages. However, the criminals who commit crimes like rape and murder are not always drawn by this cause. Though in some cases rape is committed by deprived criminals to psychologically enjoy the power status, which otherwise i n the general society he is deprived of. The inflicting of pain, torture and establishing control over a victim may come from the desire to enjoy power status which is deprived to him by the society in general, hence a crime is committed to fulfill these desires. The sociological theory includes the Subcultural theory of crime which is interconnected to the strain theory. Albert Cohen conducted his research on offended and deviant groups in various social contexts such as schools and colleges in 1955. The groups which are oppressed and socially deprived and usually called as the lower class to establish their rights display criminal behaviors. As example the author puts forward the example of organized criminal behavior where small groups of deprived Africans formed their criminal groups in American schools and colleges. The Biological Approach theory of criminology states that criminal behaviour is mainly because some problems in the biological set up of the individual. Biological approach has different aspects on which depends the criminal behaviour, these aspects are Heredity and genetics, dysfunction in the neurotransmitters, brain dysfunctionality due to trauma. The biological approach also states that every person has a side of criminality in him or her from birth. As mentioned above Cesare Lombroso, the Italian psychiatrist was the proponent of this theory. He had reviewed and researched on several criminals and found some common physical problems and characteristics in them, he mentions sloping foreheads and receding chins. This theory is one of the classical theories of criminology and no longer taken into favor after the more advanced theories as mentioned above has emerged. Even the contemporary theorists who rely on the biological approach no longer just depend on the physical attributes of the criminal and includes biochemical conditions, genetic inheritance, abnormality in thought, disabilities in the brain and intellect. There are researches on the possibility of controlling behaviour of a person through medical processes such as medication and surgery. Not many has been successfully conducted on criminals to give positive results. There was a tradition of performing frontal lobotomy to control depression. The process mainly includes the disassociation of the frontal cortex mainly through surgery. The procedure was inhumane and did not include anesthetics. It was painful and rather than bringing a positive effect in the individual it gave severe health complications. There has been lately the rise of use of chemical intervention in order to control criminal tendency in the individuals. Often the mentally ill criminals are advised medication by the doctors and psychiatric counselors provide counselling so that they can get over their illness. To critically assess this theory, it must be said that there are many flaws in the biological theory of criminology. Loeber, Byrd and Farrington in their article Why Developmental Criminology Is Still Coming of Age: The Influence of Biological Factors on Within-Individual Change concedes that only the biological factor cannot be held responsible for severe criminal activities and there a combination of psychological, social and biological factors that leads to criminal activities (Loeber, Byrd and Farrington 2015). The sadist rapists who find pleasure in the activity of inflicting pain on the victim must have received the propensity of inflicting pain from some external source. Either they have gone through a violent past, or they have seen such things from where they are inspired. Of course they are sick people in their mind for which they perform such activities, but the external factors cannot be ignored altogether. Conclusion There are various forms of extreme criminal behaviors that criminals perform including murder, rape and torture. The sadist rapists get satisfaction by inflicting pain on the victims which often lead to murder in extreme cases. The pedophiles hunt for children to get sexual satisfaction. The criminological researchers have done extensive research on the criminal behavior of human beings in order to understand the cause behind such behaviors so that they can be solved and the crime rates can be reduced. As discussed above various theories relating to psychological, biological and social aspects of crime has been analyzed to understand the criminal mindsets. However, in most of the cases it can be found that no singular aspect can be held responsible for severe criminal behaviors. There are complex background stories behind the making of a criminal which may combine the various theories of criminology. The psychological theory most clearly attributes criminal activities to the cognitive aspect of the human brain. When there is a flaw and abnormality in the process of thinking in the human cognition, crime is committed. On the other hand, the social approach believes that the external social factors are responsible for making of criminals. The theorists of the biological approach school believe that the imbalance in the brain and body gives rise to criminal mentality. However, after due consideration and critical analysis of all the theories it can be concluded that the criminals have a complicated mental and psychological set up which results in their propensity of committing crime, there are combination of psychological factors which lead to criminal activities References: Clinard, M.R., Quinney, R. and Wildeman, J. (2014)Criminal Behavior Systems: A Typology. Routledge. Cohen, A. (1955) Delinquent Boys.New York,84. Hollin, C.R. (2013)Psychology and Crime: An Introduction To Criminological Psychology. Routledge. Loeber, R., Byrd, A.L. and Farrington, D.P. (2015) 5 Why Developmental Criminology Is Still Coming of Age: The Influence of Biological Factors on Within-Individual Change. InThe Development Of Criminal And Antisocial Behavior(Pp. 65-73). Springer, Cham. Porta, P. and Bruni, L. (2014) Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishment.History Of Economics Review, (60), pp.64-74. Presser, L. and Sandberg, S. eds. (2015)Narrative criminology: Understanding Stories Of Crime. NYU Press. Reiman, J. and Leighton, P. (2015)The Rich Get Richer And The Poor Get Prison: Ideology, Class, And Criminal Justice. Routledge. Sealock, M.D. (2017) Strain Theories.The Encyclopedia of Juvenile Delinquency and Justice. Seto, M.C., Lalumire, M.L., Harris, G.T. and Chivers, M.L. (2012) The Sexual Responses Of Sexual Sadists.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,121(3), p.739. Shaw, C.R. and McKay, H.D. (1942) Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas.Chicago, Ill. Tiihonen, J., Rautiainen, M.R., Ollila, H.M., Repo-Tiihonen, E., Virkkunen, M., Palotie, A., Pietilinen, O., Kristiansson, K., Joukamaa, M., Lauerma, H. and Saarela, J. (2015) Genetic Background Of Extreme Violent Behavior.Molecular Psychiatry,20(6), p.786. Ystehede, P.J. (2017) Lombroso, Cesare.The Encyclopedia of Corrections.

Analytical Essay Kiss and Tell by John Sam Jones Essay Example

Analytical Essay Kiss and Tell by John Sam Jones Essay â€Å"Kiss and tell† is a story written by author John Sam Jones. The story is set in Wales on a school. The story revolves around a boy and his thoughts about the opposite gender. The story is the omniscient type of narrator. This analysis focuses on characterization as well as on how to fit in. The main character in the story is Seimon. He is a fourteen-year-old boy from Wales. Throughout the whole story, the focus is on Seimon and his addiction to his teacher Mr. Roberts. As from the very beginning of the story, the narrator tells about the girls and boys in Seimon’s class. Some of the girls in Seimon’s class seemed much older – and a bit scary1. Somebody acted like they had already outgrown their peers – Jane Jones who had got breasts that where the Promised Land of boy’s dirty talk, almost always had love bites on her neck, and Shan Jenkins boasted about going to the nightclub Llandudno at the weekends with her boyfriend, who was a management trainee with one of the new, cheap German supermarkets.2 It seemed like all Seimon’s classmates had grown up both physically and mentally. Seimon felt that puberty had not reached him yet. Sometimes he imagined himself smaller-than-small so that the others would not notice him.3When the boy s he hung around with, seemed not to want to see him, he considered if he was insignificant. He hated that word because it made him think of being lonely and isolated. Siemon is a fragile person who is very easy to affect. We will write a custom essay sample on Analytical Essay Kiss and Tell by John Sam Jones specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analytical Essay Kiss and Tell by John Sam Jones specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analytical Essay Kiss and Tell by John Sam Jones specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Seimon felt like he did not fit in anywhere, so he started daydreaming about his teacher Mr. Roberts, his favourite teacher that he hoped would be reading to the class – one of the poems they were studying in a literature project, or perhaps he would be explaining something about the vagaries of Welsh grammar.4 Mr. Roberts was from Cardiff and got the job in Wales. He knew that he had got the job because of his strengths in German and French, but the problem was that he

The Smartest Girls on the Screen †Most Educated Female Characters

The Smartest Girls on the Screen – Most Educated Female Characters This one should be about famous and smart female movie characters. For example, the Poison Ivy from the Batman movie, who was a scientistAdvertising We will write a custom article sample on The Smartest Girls on the Screen – Most Educated Female Characters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is such a pleasure to see a smart woman on screen, even if she is a totally imaginary character. It strikes a blow against painful and damaging stereotypes, and wakes up the audience to new possibilities. If she happens to be strong and decisive, all the better. There have been great female brains for decades, if you know where to look. The wonderful Katherine Hepburn was sharp as a letter opener in in Desk Set, a 1957 film with Spencer Tracy . She plays Bunny Watson, an information operator for a huge TV station. This job description is a sort of combination of Siri from the iPhone with access to Google, and a fabulous figure besides. She answers any and all sorts of questions from the other staff at the station, keeping the reporters and talking heads from making utter fools of themselves. Spencer Tracy plays an efficiency expert consultant who tries to install a computer in this entirely female-staffed department of brainy youngish women. As you might expect, he and the computer are both vanquished by love and the cleverness of Hepburn. Hepburn, in the 1949 film, Adam’s Rib, had played a lady lawyer opposing her husband in a case of a woman shooting her husband, so embodying someone smart, assertive, and highly competent was not a new sort of role for her. Tracy was her opposite number in this earlier flim, and they were joined by a wonderful comedienne, Judy Holliday. A year later, in 1959, Holliday created a territific and paradoxical smart girl role in Born Yesterday. She played the uneducated quintessentially blonde girlfriend of a self-made magnate, tutored by a handsome young professor type – Wi lliam Holden. Over the course of the movie, she learns to read and think critically and analytically. She comes into her own intellectually, and ends up showing just how smart she actually is. Needless to say, William Holden is enchanted by her, and her boorish boyfriend is kicked to the curb. More recently, consider the smartest witch at Hogwarts – Hermione Granger. She gets her male classmates out of trouble every few minutes. The Harry Potter films would be pretty one dimensional without her magical and emotional insights.Advertising Looking for article on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consider also Sigourney Weaver’s wonderfully resourceful character, Ellen Ripley, in the Aliens series. This gal figures out how to defend herself against a swiftly evolving super-predator. In the later film, she defends her young companion as well. Weaver also portrayed a wonderfully bright woman in Avatar. Dr. Grace Augustine is the ultimate anthropologist. She immerses herself in the culture of Pandora, and ultimately becomes part of its wisdom, as the roots of the local tree life form surround her body and communicate with and through her. Of course, smart women don’t have to be blue, half-naked, or dripping alien mucous in order to be effective. In Brewster’s Millions, Lonette McKee demonstrates a woman’s total mastery of numbers. Dana Scully, of X-Files fame, is another smarty-pants woman. As a scientist, she maintains the skepticism needed to counterbalance Fox’s credulousness about things that go bump in the night. How she manages to deal with the paranormal, crypto species, and spontaneous combustion without disarranging that gorgeous red hair is a mystery in itself. Other brilliant film scientists who happen to be women include Indiana Jones’ former lover and archeological equal, Marion Ravenwood in Raiders of the Lost Ark. She is ma tched by a similarly brilliant Nazi scientist with strong feelings for both Dr. Jones senior and junior Elsa Schneider. In The Last Crusade, Elsa turns out to be a baddie, but she meets her end by following the Holy Grail into the depths of the earth literally. James Bond even encountered another scientist misguided into putting her intelligence to work for evil. Holly Goodhead in Moonraker is in the employ of the nefarious Drax. She is literally a lady rocket scientist. Such brilliant females on the side of wrong, however unintentionally, are rare but not vanishingly so. Another archeologist, and one whose role is rather ambiguous at times, is Dr, River Song in Dr. Who. She does some naughty things along the way to loving the Doctor – things that get her into prison. Meanwhile, she learns to fly the TARDIS better than he can.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Smartest Girls on the Screen – Most Educated Female Characters specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But there are much more heinous lady villains, Think of the one-eyed villainess in Dr. Who, leading a massive army of assorted galactic races to try and defeat the Doctor. Madame Kovarian is a crafty one, she is, and she has a plan that spans decades, that involves acting as midwife to Amy Pond. However, it would be too easy to focus on the Who franchise. So many juicy parts for smart women! Think of all the other smart villainesses out there. Poison Ivy becomes both super-heroine and villainess , opposing Batman and his alter ego Bruce Wayne. She is a bit misguided, but she has a profound vision of the importance of the plant kingdom in the overall health of the Earth. She seems to have started out in the Batman comics, but being a cartoon should not be a bar to being an intelligent woman character. Think of Lisa Simpson, who is wise beyond her years, and a fine saxophonist besides. The Simpsons would be pretty silly witho ut her insights. Whether in a series, or in stand-alone films, smart women characters light up the screen. If they are smart themselves, the makers of films and TV shows will realize that audiences love brainy ladies. Here’s to intelligence in our female characters!